BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CANONICAL TEXTS

(NOTA BENE: (A) indicates anthologies which may contain papers by authors deserving of individual listing and discussion)

Abimbola, ‘Wande and Hallen, Barry. 1993. "Secrecy and Objectivity in the Methodology and Literature of Ifa Divination," in P. Nooter (ed.) Secrecy: African Art that Conceals and Reveals. New York: The Museum for African Art and Munich: Prestel, pp. 213-221.

Abraham, W.E. 1962. The Mind of Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Adewale, S.A. 1988. The Religion of the Yoruba: A Phenomenological Analysis. Ibadan, Nigeria: Department of Religious Studies, University of Ibadan.

Albert, E. 1970. "African Conceptual Systems," in J. Paden and E. Soja (eds.) The African Experience. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.

Allen, S.W. 1960. "Muntu," Presence Africaine 2: 148-160.

Amato, Peter. 1997. "African Philosophy and Modernity," also in Eze (ed.) Postcolonial African Philosophy, pp. 71-99.

Anderson, E. 1972. "The Concept of Justice and Morality Among the Bakuta in the Congo-Brazzaville," Ethnos 37: 5-39.

Appiah, K. Anthony. 1992. In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

----------------------. 1995. African Philosophy: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. (A)

----------------------. 1995. "Why Africa? Why Art" In Africa: The Art of a Continent, edited by Tom Phillips, 21-26. Munich and New York: Prestel.

2004a. "Akan and Euro-American Concepts of the Person." In African Philosophy: New and Traditional Perspectives, edited by L. Brown, 21-34. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

2004b. "African Philosophy and African Literature." In A Companion to African Philosophy, edited by K. Wiredu, 538-48. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

2005. The Ethics of Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Armstrong, Robert G. 1966. "Prolegomena to the Study of the Idoma Concept of God," African Notes 4/1 (October): 11-17.

Armstrong, Robert P. 1971. The Affecting Presence: An Essay in Humanistic Anthropology. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Asike, Joseph Ike. 1992. "Contemporary African Philosophy: The Search for a Method or Rediscovery of Its Content?," Indian Philosophical Quarterly 19/1: 23-39.

Ataragaboine, G. "The Concept of the Supreme Being Among the Batoro," Byaruhanga 19 (Paper No. 204.

Avery, W.L. 1971. "Concepts of God in Africa," Journal of the American Academy of Religion 39/3: 391.

Ayoade, John A.A. 1984. "Time in Yoruba Thought," in Richard Wright (ed.) African Philosophy:. an Introduction. New York and London: University Press of America.

Bascom, W.O. 1960. "Yoruba Concepts of Soul," in Anthony F.C. Wallace (ed.) Fifth International Congress of Anthropology and Ethnological Sciences, Selected Papers. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 401-410.

Beattie, J.H.M. 1960. "On the Nyoru Concept of ‘mahano’," African Studies 19: 145-150.

--------------------. 1966a. "Ritual and Social Change," Man (n.s.) 1/1: 60-74.

--------------------. 1966b. Other Cultures: Aims, Methods and Achievements in Social Anthropology. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.

--------------------. 1973. "Understanding Traditional African Religion: A Comment on Horton," Second Order II/2 (July): 3-11.

Bedu-Addo, J.T. 1983. "Sense-Experience and Recollection in Plato’s Meno," American Journal of Philology 104: 228-248.

---------------------. 1985. "Wiredu on Truth as Opinion and the Akan Language," in P. Bodunrin (ed.) Philosophy in Africa: Trends and Perspectives. Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press, pp. 68-90.

--------------------. 1991. "Sense-Experience and the Argument for Recollection in Plato’s Phaedo," Phronesis 36/1: 27-60.

Beidelman, T.O. 1986. Moral Imagination in Kaguru Modes of Thought. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Bell, Richard H. 1989. "Narrative in African Philosophy," Philosophy 64 (July): 363-379.

--------------------. 1997. "Understanding African Philosophy from a Non-African Point of View: An Exercise in Cross-cultural Philosophy," also in Eze (ed.) Postcolonial African Philosophy, pp. 197-220.

Bello, A.G.A. 1979. "Natural Necessity," Second Order 8/1-2: 102-114.

---------------------. 2004. "Some Methodological Controversies in African Philosophy." In A Companion to African Philosophy, edited by K. Wiredu, 263-273. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

---------------------. 2006. "In Praise of the Onisegun," Journal On African Philosophy 3, http://www.africaresource.com.

Bewaji, J.A.I. 2003. Beauty and Culture: Perspectives in Black Aesthetics. Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books Ltd.

--------------------, 2004. "Ethics and Morality in Yoruba Culture." In A Companion to African Philosophy, edited by K. Wiredu, 396-403. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Bello, A.G.A. and Anyanwu, K.C. 1991. "Methods and Systematic Reflections," Ultimate Reality and Meaning 14/1: 53-69.

Biebuyck, Daniel. 1973. Lega Culture: Art, Initiation and Moral Philosophy Among a Central African People. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bernasconi, Robert. 1997. "African Philosophy's Challenge to Continental Philosophy." In Postcolonial African Philosophy, edited by E. Eze, 183-96. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Bird, C.S. and Karp, I. (eds.) 1980. Explorations in African Systems of Thought. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (A)

Blakeley, Thomas J. 1984. "The Categories of Mtu and the Categories of Aristotle," also in African Philosophy: an Introduction, pp. 163-170.

Bodunrin, Peter. 1975a. "‘Theoretical Entities’ and Scientific Explanation," Second Order 4/1: 56-65.

--------------------. 1975b. "The Alogicality of Immortality," Second Order 4/2: 36-44.

--------------------. 1978. "Witchcraft, Magic and ESP: A Defense of Scientific and Philosophical Scepticism," Second Order 7/1-2: 36-50 (reprinted in A. Mosley (ed.) African Philosophy: Selected Readings, pp. 371-385).

--------------------. 1979. "Belief, Truth and Knowledge," Second Order 8/1-2: 28-46.

--------------------. 1981a. "The Question of African Philosophy," Philosophy 56: 161-179.  Reprinted 1984 in African Philosophy: An Introduction. 3rd ed., edited by Richard Wright, 2-23. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.

--------------------. 1981b. "Which Kind of Philosophy for Africa?" In Philosophy in the Present Situation of Africa, edited by Alwain Diemer, 8-22. Wiesbaden, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag.

--------------------. 1992. "Philosophy in Africa: The Challenge of Relevance and Commitment." In Postcolonial African Philosophy, edited by H. Nagl-Docekal and F.M. Wimmer, 15-35. Munich, Germany and Vienna, Austria: Oldenbourg.

--------------------. (ed.) 1985. Philosophy in Africa: Trends and Perspectives. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press. (A)

Bohannan, P.J. 1953. "Concepts of Time Among the Tiv of Nigeria," Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 9: 251-262 (also in J. Middleton (ed.) Myth and Cosmos. Austin: University of Texas Press).

Bongmba, Elias Kifon. 2001. African Witchcraft and Otherness: A Philosophical and Theological Critique of Intersubjective Relations. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Brown, Lee M. (ed.) 2004. African Philosophy: New and Traditional Perspectives. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bucumi, Jean. 1964. "Imana: Some Names of God in the Kirundi Language," International Philosophical Quarterly 4: 394-418.

Cabral, Amilcar. 1979. Unity and Struggle. New York and London: Monthly Review Press.

Cesaire, Aime. 1972. Discourse on Colonialism, translated by Joan Pinkham. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Coetzee, P.H. and A.P.J. Roux. (eds.) 1998. The African Philosophy Reader. New York and London: Routledge.

Cooper, David E. 1975. "Alternative Logic in ‘Primitive Thought’," Man (n.s.) 10: 238-256.

Crahay, Franz. 1965. "Conceptual Take-Off Conditions for a Bantu Philosophy," Diogenes 52: 61-84.

Dalfovo, A.T. et al. (eds.) 1992. African Metaphysical Heritage and Contemporary Life in the Foundations of Social Life. Washington, D.C.: Council for Research and Values in Philosophy. (A)

Davidson, Donald. 1974. "On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme," Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 47: 5-20.

Deng, Francis. 1995. "Blood Brothers (Reflections on Ethnicity in Africa)," Brookings Review 13/3 (Summer): 12-17.

Diagne, Souleymane. 2004. "Precolonial African Philosophy in Arabic." In A Companion to African Philosophy, edited by K. Wiredu, 66-77. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

--------------------. 2004. "Islam in Africa: Examining the Notion of an African Identity Within the Islamic World." In A Companion to African Philosophy, edited by K. Wiredu, 374-84. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Duerr, Hans Peter. 1985. Dreamtime: Concerning the Boundary Between Wilderness and Civilization. Oxford: Blackwell.

Dukor, Maduabu. 1989. "African Cosmology and Ontology," Indian Philosophical Quarterly 16/4: 367-391.

--------------------. 1990. "God and Godlings in African Ontology," Indian Philosophical Quarterly 17/1: 75-89.

Dutoit, B.M. 1960. "Some Aspects of the Soul-concept Among the Bantu-speaking Nguni Tribes of South Africa," Authors Quarterly 33: 134-142.

Emmet, Dorothy. 1972. "Haunted Universes," Second Order 1/1: 34-42.

English, Parker and Hamme, Nancy Steele. 1996. "Using Art History and Philosophy to Compare a Traditional and a Contemporary Form of African Moral Thought," Journal of Social Philosophy 27/2 (Fall): 204-233.

English, Parker and Kalumba, Kubujjo. (eds.) 1996. African Philosophy: A Classical Approach. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. (A)

Erassov, Boris. 1972. "Concepts of ‘Cultural Personality’ in the Ideologies of the Third World," Diogenes 78: 123-140.

--------------------. 1987. "Philosophy in a Developing Country," Philosophy 62: 59-66.

Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 1937. Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande. London: Oxford University Press.

Eze, Emmanuel. (ed.) 1997a. Postcolonial African Philosophy: A Critical Reader. Oxford: Blackwell. (A)

--------------------. 1997b. "The Color of Reason: The idea of ‘Race’ in Kant’s Anthropology," also in Eze (ed.) Postcolonial African Philosophy, pp. 103-140.

--------------------. 1997c. "Democracy or Consensus? A Response to Wiredu," also in Eze (ed.) Postcolonial African Philosophy, pp. 313-323.

--------------------. 1997d. African Philosophy: An Anthology. Cambridge, Ma.: Blackwell. (A)

--------------------. 1997e. Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader. Cambridge, Ma.: Blackwell. (A)

Fabian, Johannes. 1986. Language and Colonial Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Finnegan, Ruth. 1969. "How To Do Things with Words: Performative Utterances Among the Limba of Sierra Leone," Man (n.s.) 4/1: 537-551.

--------------------. 1969? "Attitudes to the Study of Oral Literature in British Social Anthropology," Man (n.s.) ?/?: 59-69.

Firth, R. 1966. "Twins, Birds and Vegetables," Man (n.s.) 1: 1-17.

Floistad, G. (ed.) 1987. Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey: African Philosophy, Vol. 5. Dordrecht: Martinius Nijhoff. (A)

Forde, Daryll (ed.) 1954. African Worlds: Studies in the Cosmological Ideas and Social Values of African Peoples. London: International African Institute and Oxford University Press. (A)

Fortes, Meyer. 1973. "On the Concept of the Person Among Tallensi," also in La Notion de Personne en Afrique Noire, pp. 283-320.

Fortes, M. and Dieterlen, G. (eds.) 1965. African Systems of Thought. London: Oxford University Press. (A)

Frake, Charles O. 1969. "The Ethnographic Study of Cognitive Systems," also in Tyler 1969, pp. 28-41.

Gaba, Christian R. 1971. "An African People’s (Anlo) Concept of the Soul," Ghana Bulletin of Theology 3/10 (Legon): 1-8.

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. 1988. "A Myth of Origins: Esu-Elegbara and the Signifying Monkey," in The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Gbadegesin, ‘Segun. 1981. "Ethnicity and Citizenship," Second Order 10/1-2: 3-12.

-------------------- 1991. African Philosophy: Traditional Yoruba Philosophy and Contemporary African Realities. New York: Peter Lang.

--------------------. 1991. "Negritude and Its Contribution to the Civilization of the Universal: Leopole Senghor and the Question of Ultimate Reality and Meaning," Ultimate Reality and Meaning 14/1: 30-45.

Gelfand, Michael. 1965. "The Normal Man: a New Concept of Shona Philosophy," Nada 9: 78-93.

Gellner, Ernest. 1974. Legitimation of Belief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gillies, Francis. 1980. "The Bantu Concept of Time," Religion 10 (London): 16-30.

Goody, Jack. 1961. "Religion and Ritual: the Definitional Problem," British Journal of Sociology 12: 142-164.

--------------------. 1967. "Review of Conversations with Ogotemmeli by M. Griaule," American Anthropologist 69/2.

--------------------.1977. "Intellectuals in Pre-Literate Societies?," in The Domestication of the Savage Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 19-35.

--------------------. 1987. The Interface Between the Written and the Oral. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Goody, Jack and Watt, I. 1963. "The Consequences of Literacy," in Jack Goody (ed.) Literacy in Traditional Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 27-68.

Gyekye, Kwame. 1974. "Substance in Aristotle’s Categories and Metaphysics," Second Order 3/1: 61-65.

--------------------. 1975. "Philosophical Relevance of Akan Proverbs," Second Order 2/1.

--------------------. 1977. "Akan Language and the Materialist Thesis: a Short Essay on the Relation Between Philosophy and Language," Studies in Language 1/2: 227-234.

--------------------. 1978. "The Akan Concept of a Person," International Philosophical Quarterly 18/3: 277-287 (also in African Philosophy: an Introduction).

--------------------. 1981. "Philosophical Ideas of the Akans," Second Order 10/1-2: 61-79.

--------------------. 1987. An Essay on African Philosophical Thought: The Akan Conceptual Scheme. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (revised edition 1995).

--------------------. 1988. The Unexamined Life: Philosophy and the African Experience. Accra: Ghana Universities Press.

--------------------. 1996. African Cultural Values: An Introduction. Philadelphia and Accra, Ghana: Sankofa Publishing Company.

---------------------. 1997a. Tradition and Modernity: Philosophical Reflections on the African Experience. New York: Oxford University Press.

--------------------. 1997b. "Philosophy, Culture, and Technology in the Postcolonial" also in Eze (ed.) Postcolonial African Philosophy, pp. 25-44.

Hacking, Ian. 1973. Why Does Language Matter to Philosophy? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hallen, Barry. 1975. "A Philosopher’s Approach to Traditional Culture," Theoria to Theory IX/4: 259-272.

--------------------. 1977. "Robin Horton on Critical Philosophy and Traditional Thought," Second Order 6/1: 81-92 (revised and republished as "Analytic Philosophy and Traditional Thought: A Critique of Robin Horton," in P. English and K.M. Kalumba (eds.) African Philosophyy: A Classical Approach. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, pp. 216-228).

--------------------. 1979. "The [African] Art Historian as Conceptual Analyst," The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 37/3: 303-313.

--------------------. 1981. "The Open Texture of Oral Tradition," Theoria to Theory IX/4: 259-272.

--------------------. 1995. "Some Observations About Philosophy, Postmodernism, and Art in African Studies," African Studies Review 38/1 (April): 69-80.

--------------------. 1996. "What’s It Mean?: ‘Analytic’ African Philosophy," Quest: Philosophical Discussions X/2 (December): 67-77.

--------------------. 1995. "‘My Mercedes Has Four Legs!’ ‘Traditional’ as an Attribute of African Equestrian ‘Culture’," in Gigi Pezzoli (ed.) Horsemen of Africa: History, Iconography, Symbolism. Milan: Centro Studi Archeologia Africana, pp. 49-64.

--------------------. 1997. "African Meanings, Western Words," African Studies Review 40/1: 1-11.

--------------------.1998. "Moral Epistemology: When Propositions Come Out of Mouths," International Philosophical Quarterly 38/2 (June), 187-204.

--------------------. 1998. Entry on "Yoruba Epistemology." In Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by E. Craig and K. A. Appiah.  London:Routledge.

--------------------. 1998. Entry on "Aesthetics, African."  In Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Ed. Craig and K. A. Appiah.  London: Routledge.

--------------------. 1998. Entry on "African Aesthetics." In Encyclopedia of Aesthetics, edited by Michael Kelly.  Oxford: Oxford University Press.

--------------------. 1998. "Academic Philosophy and African Intellectual Liberation," African Philosophy 11/2 (November), 93-97.

--------------------. 1999. "'Handsome Is as Handsome Does': Interrelations of the Epistemic, the Moral, and the Aesthetic in an African Culture," Invited Panel on Intercultural Perspectives in Aesthetics.  In The Proceedings of the 20th World Congress of Philosophy, Vol. IV, "Philosophies of Religion, Art, and Creativity," edited by Kevin Stoehr.  Bowling Green State University, KY: Philosophical Documentation Center, 187-196.

--------------------. 2000. "Variations on a Theme: Ritual, Performance, Intellect."  In Insight and Artistry: A Cross-Cultural Study of Art and Divination in Central and West Africa, edited by John Pemberton.  Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Instution Press, 168-174.

--------------------. 2000. The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful: Discourse About Values in Yoruba Culture.  Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

--------------------. 2000. Review Essay: "African Philosophy in a New Key," African Studies Review 43/3 (December), 131-134.

--------------------. 2001. "'Witches' as Superior Intellects: Challenging a Cross-Cultural Superstition."  In Dialogues of Witchcraft: Anthropology, Philosophy, and the Possibilities of Discovery, edited by Diane Ciekawy and George C. Bond.  Athens: Ohio University Press, 80-100.

--------------------. 2002. "Review of Elias Bongmba's, African Witchcraft and Otherness: A Philosophical and Theological Critique of Intersubjective Relations, Canadian Journal of African Studies 36/1, 139-140.

--------------------. 2002. A Short History of African Philosophy.  Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

--------------------. 2002. "Modes of Thought, Ordinary Language, and Cognitive Diversity."  In Perspectives in African Philosophy, edited by Claude Sumner and Samuel Wolde Yohannes.  Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University Press, 214-222.

---------------------. 2003. "Not a House Divided," Journal on African Philosophy, 2. 1-15 (http://www.africanphilosophy.com/issue2/hallen.htm).

--------------------. 2004. "Yoruba Moral Epistemology."  In A Companion to African Philosophy. Chapter. 21, edited by K. Wiredu.  Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 296-303.

--------------------. 2004. "Contemporary Anglophone African Philosophy."  In A Companion to African Philosophy, Chapter 6, edited by K. Wiredu.  Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 99-148.

--------------------. 2004. "Cosmology: African Cosmologies."  In Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd ed., edited by Lindsay Jones.  New York: MacMillan Reference.

--------------------. 2005. "African Ethics?,"  In A Companion to Religious Ethics, Chapter 41, edited by W. Schweiker.  Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 406-412.

--------------------. 2005.  "Heidegger, Hermeneutics and African Philosophy," Afirca et Mediterraneo, 53 (December), 46-53.

--------------------. 2006. African Philosophy: The Analytic Approach.  Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press.

Hallen, Barry and J. Olubi Sodipo. 1994. "The House of the ‘Inu’: Keys to the Structure of a Yoruba Theory of the ‘Self’," Quest: Philosophical Discussions 8/1: 3-23.

--------------------. 1997. Knowledge, Belief, and Witchcraft: Analytic Experiments in African Philosophy. Stanford: Stanford University Press (UK edition 1986, London: Ethnographica Publishers Ltd.).

Hallett, G. 1973. "The Theoretical Content of Language," Gregorianum 54/2: 307-336.

Harman, Gilbert. 1969. "An Introduction to ‘Translation and Meaning’: Chapter Two of Word and Object," Synthese 19: 14-26.

Hart, W.A. 1972. "The Philosopher’s Interest in African Thought: A Synopsis," Second Order 1/1: 43-52.

Hollis, Martin, 1970. "The Limits of Irrationality," in Bryan Wilson (ed.) Rationality 214-220.

Hollis, Martin and Lukes, Steven (eds.) 1982. Rationality and Relativism. Oxford: Blackwell. (A)

Horton, Robin. 1960. "A Definition of Religion and Its Uses," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 90: 201-226 (also in Horton 1993, pp. 19-49).

--------------------. 1961. "Destiny and the Unconscious in West Africa," Africa 31/2: 110-117.

--------------------. 1967. "African Traditional Thought and Western Science," Africa 37: 50-71 and 155-187 (also in Horton 1993, pp. 197-258).

--------------------. 1973. "Paradox and Explanation: A Reply to Mr. Skorupski, Parts I & II," Philosophy of the Social Sciences 3: 231-256 and 289-312 (also in Horton 1993, pp. 259-300).

--------------------. 1976. "Professor Winch on Safari," European Journal of Sociology 17: 157-180 (also in Horton 1993, pp. 138-160).

--------------------. (n.d.) "Traditional Thought and the Emerging African Philosophy Department: A Reply to Dr. Hallen (unpublished manuscript).

--------------------. 1982. "Tradition and Modernity Revisited," in M. Hollis and S. Lukes (eds.) Rationality and Relativism. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 201-260 (also in Horton 1993, pp. 301-346).

--------------------. "Social Psychologies: African and Western," an essay accompanying Meyer Fortes’ Oedipus and Job in West African Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 41-82.

--------------------. 1993. Patterns of Thought in Africa and the West: Essays on Magic, Religion and Science (the new fifteen page "Introduction" and forty-one page "Postscript" to this volume are of special interest for Horton’s more recent reflections on these subjects). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (A)

Horton, Robin and Finnegan, Ruth (eds.) 1973. Modes of Thought. London: Faber and Faber. (A)

Hountondji, Paulin. 1974. "The Myth of Spontaneous Philosophy," Consequence 1 (January-June): 11-38.

--------------------. 1983. African Philosophy: Myth and Reality. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

--------------------. 1985. "The Pitfalls of Being Different," Diogenes 131 (Fall): 46-56.

--------------------. 1990. "Scientific Dependence in Africa Today," Research in African Literatures 21/3: 5-15.

--------------------. 1995. "Producing Knowledge in Africa Today," African Studies Review 38/3: 1-10.

--------------------. 1996. "Intellectual Responsibility: Implications for Thought and Action Today," Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 70/2 (November): 77-92.

Idoniboye, D.E. 1973. "The Concept of ‘Spirit’ in African Metaphysics," Second Order 2/1: 83-89.

Ikenda-Metuh, Ememie. 1982. "Religious Concepts in West African Cosmogonies," Journal of Religion in Africa 13/1.

Ikuenobe, Polycarp. 1997. "The Parochial Universalist Conception of ‘Philosophy’ and ‘African Philosophy’," Philosophy East and West 47/2 (April): 189-210.

Jackson, M. 1989. Paths Toward a Clearing: Radical Empiricism and Ethnographic Inquiry. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Jahn, Janheinz. 1961. Muntu: an Outline of the New African Culture. New York: Grove Press.

Jennings, Richard C. 1989. "Zande Logic and Western Logic," The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 40/2 (June): 276-285.

Keita, Lancinay. 1977. "Rationality and Social Choice: The Fallacy of the Arrow Paradox," Second Order 6/2: 75-89.

--------------------. 1977-78 "African Philosophical Systems: A Rational Reconstruction," Philosophical Forum 9: 169-189.

--------------------. 1985. "Contemporary African Philosophy: The Search for a Method," Diogenes 130 (Summer): 105-127.

---------------------. 1993. "Jennings and Zande Logic: A Note," The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 44: 151-156.

Kimilu, D.N. 1971. "The Akamba Concept of God," in A.B. Byaruhanga-Akiiki (ed.) Occasional Papers in African Traditional Religion and Philosophy. Kampala: Makerere University Press.

Kirk-Green, Anthony H. 1974. Mutumin Kirkil: the Concept of the Good Man in Hausa. Bloomington: African Studies Program, Indiana University.

Knappert, Jan. 1970. "Social and Moral Concepts in Swahili Islamic Literature," Africa 40: 125-136.

Lawson, E. Thomas and McCauley, Robert N. 1990. Rethinking Religion: Connecting Cognition and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Legesse, A. 1973. "Postscript: An Essay in Protest Anthropology," to Gada: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society. ?: Free Press, pp. 272-291.

Lewis, Ioan. 1973. The Anthropologist’s Muse. University of London: Inaugural Lecture.

Lienhardt, Godfrey. 1967. "Modes of Thought," in ? (ed.) The Institutions of Primitive Society. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 95-107.

Makinde, M. Akin. 1977. "Formal Logic and the Paradox of Excluded Middle," International Logic Review 15 (June): 40-52.

--------------------. 1984. "An African Concept of Human Personality: The Yoruba Example," Ultimate Reality and Meaning 7/3: 189-200.

--------------------. 1985. "A Philosophical Analysis of the Yoruba Concepts of Ori and Human Destiny," International Studies in Philosophy 17/1: 53-69.

--------------------. 1988a. African Philosophy, Culture, and Traditional Medicine. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies.

--------------------. 1988b. "African Culture and Moral Systems: A Philosophical Study," Second Order 1/2 (July): 1-27.

Marwick, M.G. 1973. "How Real Is the Charmed Circle in African and Western Thought?," Africa 1/1: 59-70.

Masolo, D.A. 1994. African Philosophy in Search of Identity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

--------------------. 1997. "African Philosophy and the Postcolonial: Some Misleading Abstractions About ‘Identity’," also in Eze (ed.) Postcolonial African Philosophy, pp. 283-300.

Mbiti, John S. 1970. African Religions and Philosophies. New York: Doubleday.

--------------------. 1970. Concepts of God in Africa. New York: Praeger.

McVeigh, M.J. 1974. God in Africa: Conceptions of God in African Traditional Religion and Christianity. Cape Cod, Mass.: Claude Stark.

Metuge, W.M. 1972. "The African Concept of Man," Pan-Africanist 4 (Evanston, Ill.): 36-42.

Meyerowitz, Eva L.R. ?? "Concepts of the Soul Among the Akan of the Gold Coast," Africa 21/1: 24-31.

Middleton, John. 1970. "The Concept of the Person Among the Lugbara of Uganda," also in La Notion de Personne en Afrique Noire.

Milner, G.B. 1969. "Siamese Twins, Birds and the Double Helix," Man (n.s.) 4: 5-23.

Minkus, Helaine K. 1984. "Causal Theory in Akwapim Akan Philosophy," also in African Philosophy: an Introduction.

---------------------. 1980. "The Concept of Spirit in Akwapim Akan Philosophy," Africa 50/2: 182-192.

Momoh, Campbell S. 1985. "African Philosophy . . . Does It Exist?," Diogenes 130 (Summer): 73-104.

--------------------. (ed.) 1989. The Substance of African Philosophy. Auci, Nigeria: African Philosophy Projects’ Publications. (A)

Mosley, Albert. (ed.) 1995. African Philosophy: Selected Readings. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. (A)

Mudimbe, V.Y. 1988. The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

--------------------. The Idea of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press and London: James Currey.

--------------------. 1992. The Surreptitious Speech: Presence Africaine and the Politics of Otherness 1947-1982. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (A)

Mudimbe, V.Y. and Appiah, K. Anthony. 1993. "The Impact of African Studies on Philosophy," in Bates, Robert H., Mudimbe, V.Y., and O’Barr, Jean (eds.) Africa and the Disciplines: The Contributions of Research in Africa to the Social Sciences and Humanities. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Murungi, John. 1980. "Toward an African Conception of Time," International Philosophical Quarterly 20: 407-416.

Nagl-Docekal, Herta and Wimmer, Franz. 1992. Postkoloniales Philosophieren: Afrika. Vienna and Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag.(A)

Needham, Rodney. 1972. Belief, Language, and Experience. Oxford: Blackwell.

Newton-Smith, W. 1982. "Relativism and the Possibility of Interpretation" in M. Hollis and S. Lukes (eds.) Rationality and Relativism. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 106-122.

Nzegwu Nkiru. 1996. "Questions of Identity and Inheritance: A Critical Review of Kwame Anthony Appiah’s In My Father’s House," Hypatia 11/1 (Winter): 175-201.

Ojuka, A. 1974. "African Thought and the Concept of Essence," Thought and Practice 1/1 (Nairobi): 19-26.

Ojo, G.J. Afolabi. 1966. "The Content of Yoruba Philosophy," in Yoruba Culture. Ife, Nigeria and London: University of Ife and University of London Press Ltd.

Okafor, Fidelis. 1993. "Issues in African Philosophy Re-examined," International Philosophical Quarterly 33/1 (No. 129: March): 91-99.

--------------------. 1997. "In Defense of Afro-Japanese Ethnophilosophy," Philosophy East and West, 47/3 (July): 363-381.

Oke, Moses. 1988. "Wiredu’s Theory and Practice of African Philosophy," Second Order 1/1 (n.s.): 91-107.

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